Switched Mode Power Converter and Method of Operation Thereof

ABSTRACT

A switched mode power converter is provided which includes a transformer ( 2 ) having a primary winding ( 2   a ) and at least one secondary winding ( 2   b ); a primary side active switch device (S 1 ) coupled to the primary winding for selectively applying an input voltage to the primary winding; and a secondary side rectifier circuit including an output filter ( 6, 12 ) coupled to the at least one secondary winding ( 2 ), and first and second active switch devices ( 16, 14 ) coupled between the at least one secondary winding ( 2   b ) and the output filter. The switch devices are arranged such that each one is operable independently of the other to block current between the at least one secondary winding and the output filter in an opposite direction to the other. This facilitates better regulation of the converter and avoids the occurrence of voltage spikes encountered in existing configurations.

The present invention relates to the field of power conversion. Inparticular, the invention relates to a switched mode power converter anda method of operating such a converter.

Switched mode power converters are widely used in the electronicsindustry to convert one DC level voltage to another for supply to aload. Typically, a transformer is provided which isolates the voltagesource on the primary side from the load on its secondary side. Theinput DC voltage is periodically switched across the primary side of thetransformer using one or more power switches. Energy is stored in anoutput inductor and a regulated voltage is supplied to the load on thesecondary side by switching the flow of current into the outputinductor.

Two diodes on the secondary side rectify the switched and isolatedvoltage across the secondary winding, including a forward diodeconnected in series with the secondary winding that conducts current tothe load when a positive voltage is present across the secondarywinding, and a freewheeling diode connected in shunt with the secondarywinding that conducts current to the load when no voltage or a negativevoltage is present across the secondary winding.

In order to improve the efficiency of such a circuit, it is known toreplace the rectifying diodes with power switches, for example MOSFETdevices that are modulated by control means.

US-A-2004/0136207 discloses a switched mode power converter in which theforward diode is replaced by two MOSFET devices arranged with theirsources connected together and their gates connected together so thatthe two devices are actively switched synchronously such that in aninactive state each one blocks current in an opposite direction.

A converter configured in accordance with the disclosure ofUS-A-2004/0136207 is shown in FIG. 1. It includes a transformer 2 havinga primary winding 2 a and a secondary winding 2 b. The dot end of theprimary winding 2 a is coupled to an input voltage source Vin and theother end of the primary winding is coupled to ground through powerswitch S1.

More particularly, power switch S1 comprises a MOSFET device having adrain terminal coupled to the primary winding 2 a, a source terminalcoupled to ground and a gate terminal coupled to a primary sidecontroller 4. The controller 4 provides periodic activation signals tothe power switch S1 in response to feedback signals received from thesecondary side of the forward converter or in a manner dependent on theinput voltage. An input voltage source is connected to input voltageterminal 10.

On the secondary side, MOSFET devices Sb, Sr are coupled in seriesbetween the secondary winding 2 b and an output inductor 6. The outputinductor 6 is coupled to an output terminal 8, with a capacitor 12coupled between the output terminal and ground. Inductor 6 and capacitor12 form a filter that provides a smooth DC output voltage Vout at theoutput terminal 8 relative to ground.

The freewheeling diode has been replaced by MOSFET device Sf, having itssource terminal coupled to ground and its drain terminal coupled to thejunction of the output inductor 6 and MOSFET device Sr.

The output of the forward converter is regulated by modulating theon-time of the forward MOSFET devices Sb, Sr that act as abi-directional switch.

The respective internal body diodes 14, 16 and 18 of MOSFET devices Sb,Sr and Sf are also shown.

As noted above, the gate terminals of forward MOSFET devices Sb and Srare coupled together. Secondary side controller 20 provides controlsignals to a common gate input.

Disadvantages of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 1 will now beidentified with reference to the waveforms shown in FIG. 2. Fourexemplary waveforms are shown, representing (a) the logic state of powerswitch S1, (b) the voltage (Vsec) across the secondary winding of atransformer 2, (c) the logic state of switches Sb and Sr, and (d) thecurrent (I_(L)) flowing through output inductor 6.

To enable zero voltage switching of S1 (particularly when there is ahigh load current), Sb and Sr may not be turned on within a certain timeafter Vsec becomes positive. This is to ensure that S1 is turned onbefore Sb and Sr are turned on. This time is indicated as “t1” in FIG.2. At the time Sb and Sr are turned on, the output current has tocommutate from Sf to Sb and Sr. As the voltage at node J is about zerovolts, the transformed input voltage is now put entirely across theleakage inductance (Ls) of the transformer. Now the current through thesecondary transformer winding and switches Sb and Sr increases and thecurrent through Sf (or if it is turned off, through the body diode ofSf) decreases with a rate determined by the leakage inductance.

During the time the output current flows through Sf and Sb/Sr, thevoltage at Vsec equals the voltage at node J, which is about zero. Thistime is called the commutation time.

When finally the output current flows entirely through Sb and Sr, node Jwill rise until it equalizes the secondary voltage (Vsec). A relativelysmall spike occurs at that time on Vsec, caused by the leakageinductance of the transformer and the parasitic drain to sourcecapacitance of Sf.

Before Vsec becomes negative, Sb and Sr have to be turned off. This isto avoid a shorted winding via Sf (or its back gate diode 18) and Sb,Sr. The time between the turn-off of Sb, Sr and Vsec turning negative isindicated as “t2”.

Therefore Sb and Sr are turned off when Vsec is still positive, and atthat time a high current could be flowing through Sb and Sr. This causesa voltage spike due to the leakage inductance of transformer 2. This isapparent in waveform (b) in FIG. 2. It will be appreciated that thisleakage inductance is due to the non-ideal nature of the couplingbetween primary and secondary sides of the transformer. Such a spike ishighly undesirable and could ultimately destroy the switches Sb, Srand/or the controller 20. A clamp circuit could be used to avoid thisvoltage spike, but this would lead to an increase of the powerdissipation, which should be kept to a minimum.

The present invention provides a switched mode power converterincluding:

-   -   a transformer having a primary winding and at least one        secondary winding;    -   a primary side active switch device coupled to the primary        winding for selectively applying an input voltage to the primary        winding; and    -   a first secondary side rectifier circuit including a first        output filter coupled to the at least one secondary winding, and        first and second active switch devices coupled between the at        least one secondary winding and the first output filter, the        switch devices being arranged such that each one is operable to        block current between the at least one secondary winding and the        first output filter in an opposite direction to the other and        switchable at different times to the other.

This facilitates better regulation of the converter and avoidance of thevoltage spikes associated with the prior art arrangement discussedabove. It also enables relatively smooth commutation from the freewheelswitch device/diode to the first and second switch devices and viceversa. In particular, the converter may be a forward converter.

The first and second switch devices may be coupled together in series,or alternatively, coupled to respective ends of the at least onesecondary winding.

In one implementation, each of the first and second switch devices has acontrol terminal and the converter includes control means coupled to thecontrol terminals and operable to supply respective different controlsignals to the control terminals to open and close the switch devices.Preferably, each of the first and second switch devices comprises a FEThaving a source, drain and gate, with the respective control terminalscoupled to the respective gates, and an integrated body diode inparallel with the source and drain connections, with the anode connectedto the source and the cathode connected to the drain.

In one embodiment, the drains of the first and second switch devices maybe coupled together in their bi-directional configuration. These switchdevices can then readily be incorporated in a single package, with therespective semiconductor dies being mounted on a common leadframe. Thisprovides both a cost reduction and a reduction in the volume of spacerequired, relative to the provision of two separately packaged devices.Furthermore, if the drains of the first and second switch devices arecoupled together, they may be integrated into a single die, giving afurther cost reduction. Alternatively, the sources of the first andsecond switch devices may be coupled together.

In another embodiment, the first and second switch devices may becoupled to different ends of the secondary winding of the transformer sothat each switch is able to block current between the secondary windingand the output filter in either direction.

In a further embodiment, the power converter comprises a secondsecondary side rectifier circuit including a second output filter, and athird active switch device comprising a FET having a source, drain andgate, its drain being coupled to the drains of the first and secondswitch devices, and its source being coupled to the second outputfilter. With this configuration, one of the active switch devices of thefirst rectifier circuit effectively forms half of the bi-directionalswitch of the second rectifier circuit as well, reducing the number ofcomponents required and therefore giving a further cost saving.Furthermore, with such a configuration in which the drains of the firstand second active devices are coupled together, the first, second andthird switch devices may be mounted on a common leadframe within asingle package, and more preferably, integrated into a single die.Alternatively, if the drains of the first and second switch devices areconnected to respective ends of the secondary winding, two of the first,second and third switches may be mounted on a common leadframe orintegrated into a single die.

According to a further aspect of the invention, a method of operating aswitched mode power converter of the form described above is provided,wherein the second switch device is arranged so as to be operable toblock current from flowing in the direction from the at least onesecondary winding to the output filter, the method including the step ofswitching the second switch device when the voltage across the at leastone secondary winding is negative. When the secondary winding voltageturns negative, the current has commutated from the first and secondactive switch devices to the freewheel switch. After that, the secondswitch device can be turned off without causing any significant voltagespikes as the current through the switch devices is substantially equalto zero. The second switch device may be switched off at any time whilstthe secondary winding voltage is negative.

When the primary side switch is switched off, the voltage across thesecondary winding becomes zero and a large negative voltage isestablished at the other side of the leakage inductance of thetransformer. The current through the leakage inductance (and so throughthe first and second switches) will then decrease, and as the currentthrough the coil will remain almost constant, the current through thebody diode of the freewheel switch will rise. The rate of change of thiscurrent depends on the magnitude of the leakage inductance and thevoltage put across it. This is the moment that the freewheel switch canbe switched on.

The first switch should now be switched off before the current throughit becomes zero, i.e. when the voltage across the at least one secondarywinding is substantially below a predetermined positive value or equalto zero. The current will then start to flow through its body diode. Apreferred moment in practice for switching off the first switch is whenthe voltage across the secondary winding becomes zero. Theoretically,for maximum efficiency, the first switch may be switched off later, atthe latest at the time its current becomes zero, but that may be moredifficult to achieve in practice. The second switch remains on until thecurrent through the body diode of the first switch has dropped to zero.When that happens the body diode of the first switch blocks and thesecondary winding voltage becomes negative. At that moment or after acertain delay, the second switch can be switched off with zero current.The current through the leakage inductance has become zero and so therewill be no voltage spike.

In addition, the invention provides a method of operating a switchedmode power converter of the form described above wherein an active clampcircuit is provided on the primary side, comprising a capacitive meansand a fourth active switch device coupled together in series, and inparallel with the primary winding, the method including the step ofturning the primary side active switch device on a predetermined timeafter the fourth active switch is turned off, said predetermined timebeing dependent on the input voltage. In this way, the maximum voltageacross the primary side power switch is minimised and, during normaloperation, facilitates turning on the primary side power switch whilstthe voltage across it is substantially equal to zero. The magnetizingcurrent due to the magnetizing inductance of the transformer dischargesthe parasitic capacitance of the primary side power switch, whilst thesecond active switch is off.

It will be appreciated that the improved switch mode power converterconfigurations described herein are suitable for a wide variety ofapplications. In particular, their use is beneficial in applicationswhere relatively high currents are drawn, such as personal computer(“PC”) power supplies.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example andwith reference to the accompanying schematic drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of a known switched mode forwardconverter;

FIG. 2 shows exemplary waveforms generated during operation of thecircuit shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram of a switched mode forward converteraccording to a first embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4 and 5 show exemplary waveforms generated during operation of thecircuit shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 shows a circuit diagram of an arrangement for regulating theswitching of switch Sb according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 7 and 8 show waveforms generated during the operation of thecircuit arrangements shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 shows a circuit diagram of a switched mode power converter havingtwo voltage outputs according to a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 shows a circuit diagram of a switched mode power converter, alsohaving two voltage outputs, according to another embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 11 shows plots of the voltage across the primary side power switchagainst input voltage for different delays (deadtime) between theturning off of the fourth active switch device and turning on theprimary side power switch; and

FIG. 12 shows a plot of deadtime against input voltage in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3, MOSFET devices Sband Sr (forming the second and first active switch devices,respectively, referred to herein) are arranged with their drainsconnected together, in contrast to the prior arrangement of FIG. 1, inwhich their sources are connected together. Each device is modulatedindependently of the other using respective gate signals from secondaryside controller 22.

Sb controls current flow and is termed the “bi-directional” switch, Sris termed the “rectifying” switch, and Sf is the “freewheel” switch.

In FIG. 3, an additional inductor Ls is shown between the secondarywinding and Sr to represent a parasitic inductance, namely the leakageinductance of the transformer 2.

An active clamp circuit is provided on the primary side, consisting of acapacitor 24 in series with an active switch device S2, which aretogether in turn connected in parallel with the primary winding 2 a oftransformer 2. Both the primary side active switch devices S1 and S2receive modulating control signals from primary side controller 26.Provision of the active clamp circuit reduces the required breakdownvoltage rating of the primary side active switch device and secondaryside switches Sr and Sb (under the condition that the duty cycle is madeinversely proportional to the input voltage), with the result that lowercost devices may be used (such as circuit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,441,146).

Exemplary waveforms generated during operation of the circuit shown inFIG. 3 are illustrated in FIG. 4. The signals measured correspond tothose shown in FIG. 2, except that, in view of the independent controlof Sr and Sb, separate respective control signals (ci) and (cii) areshown.

Once the voltage across the secondary winding, Vsec, has turnedpositive, Sr may be turned on. Turn on of Sr at this earliestopportunity is shown by a dotted line in control signal (ci) of FIG. 4.At this stage, Sb is still off, and so zero voltage switching of S1 isfacilitated.

Depending on the output voltage required, Sb is turned on after acertain time by the controller 22. For maximum efficiency, Sr shouldalso be turned on at this time. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, Sr isturned on later, when node J becomes positive. When the voltage acrossthe secondary winding drops following turn off of S1, Sr is turned offand Sb stays on. When the secondary winding voltage turns negative, thecurrent has commutated from Sr and Sb to Sf. After that, Sb can beswitched off without causing any significant voltage spikes. When thesecondary winding voltage has turned negative, the current hascommutated from one loop to the other and the current in the first andsecond switches has become zero.

Due to the inherent leakage inductance Ls of the transformer, thevoltage across the secondary winding is zero during this commutationtime. This assures proper turn off of Sr.

It can be seen in waveform (b) of FIG. 4 that the voltage Vsec is zerofor a small period of time before it turns negative. This time is alsothe moment that Sr should be switched off. As Sr has to be off beforeVsec is negative, this is a suitable window of time in which to beswitched off while Vsec is zero. This short period that Vsec is zero iscaused by the leakage inductance. Switch Sb can then be switched off atanytime whilst the voltage across the secondary winding is negative.

FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4, except that additional typical waveformsare shown, namely:

(e) represents the voltage at junction J of connections to Sb, inductor6 and Sf, shown in FIG. 3;(f) represents the current flowing through switches Sb and Sr;(g) the logic state of freewheel switch Sf; and(h) the current flowing through switch Sf.

Pairs of arrows marked “A” and “B” identify the commutation periods.

It can be seen that when switch Sb is turned on by the secondary sidecontroller, Sf is turned off and its body diode will start conductingthe current. Theoretically, for maximum efficiency, Sf may be switchedoff later, at the latest at the time its current becomes zero, but thatis much more difficult to achieve. As long as current flows through thebody diode of Sf, the voltage at node J remains practically zero.Because Sb is on, the voltage Vsec will also become practically zero. Alarge positive voltage is established at the other side of the leakageinductance Ls. As a result, the current commutates from Sf to Sr and Sb.Once the voltage at junction J becomes positive, Sr is turned on aswell. Alternatively, Sr can be switched on at the same time as Sb, oreven when Vsec becomes positive.

When the primary side switch is switched off, the voltage across thesecondary winding Vsec becomes zero and a large negative voltage isestablished at the other side of the leakage inductance of thetransformer. The current through the leakage inductance (and so throughSr and Sb) will then decrease, and as the current through the coil willremain almost constant, the current through the body diode of Sf willrise. (The rate of change of this current depends on the magnitude ofthe leakage inductance and the voltage put across it.) This is themoment that Sf can be switched on.

Sr should be switched off before the current through it becomes zero.The current will then start to flow through its body diode. A preferredmoment in practice for switching off Sr is when Vsec becomes zero.Theoretically, for maximum efficiency, Sr may be switched off later, atthe latest at the time its current becomes zero, but that may be moredifficult to achieve in practice. Sb remains on until the currentthrough the body diode of Sr has dropped to zero. When that happens thebody diode of Sr blocks and Vsec becomes negative. At that moment orafter a certain delay, Sb can be switched off with zero current. Thecurrent through the leakage inductance has become zero and so there willbe no voltage spike.

FIG. 6 shows an implementation of part of secondary side controller 22which operates to regulate switch Sb, according to an embodiment of theinvention. In the illustrated embodiment, a current mode controller isshown. It will be appreciated that other types of regulation may beemployed, such as voltage mode control or duty cycle mode control.

Resistor 30 and capacitor 32 are connected together in series, and inturn, are connected in parallel with inductor 6. The inputs of avoltage-to-current converter (“V/I converter”) 34 are connected acrosscapacitor 32. The negative input of the V/I converter 34 is connected tothe negative input of a further V/I converter 36, which has a referencevoltage, V_(REF), applied to its positive input terminal. The output ofconverter 36 is connected to a node 38, to which ramped waveform 46 isalso applied. These two currents are added together at node 38. Node 38is in turn connected to the positive input of a comparator 44, whilstthe output of converter 34 is connected to its negative input. Resistors40 and 42 convert the currents coming from node 38 and converter 34 intovoltages.

The output of voltage comparator 44 is coupled to the “s” input of resetdominant latch 48. The “r” input thereof is dominant with respect to its“s” input. A signal “Reset Sb” (which is logically “1” when Vsec isnegative, and “0” otherwise) is applied to the “r” input of latch 48.Its output “q” is connected to the gate of switch Sb via a levelshifterLs and an output buffer 50.

The operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 6 will now be described.Exemplary waveforms generated during operation of the circuits are shownin FIG. 7. Waveform (1) is the voltage Vsec across the secondary winding2 b; (2) is the logic state of signal “Reset Sb”; and (3) is the logicstate of switch Sb.

The RC network consisting of resistor 30 and capacitor 32 connectedacross the output inductor 6 measures the output current I_(L). Thevalues of resistor 30 and capacitor 32 are selected such that:

${RC} = \frac{L}{R_{L}}$

where L is the inductance of inductor 6, and R_(L) is its seriesresistance (not shown in the Figure). In this case, the voltage acrossthe capacitor 32 equals the voltage across the series resistance of theinductor, and so the measured voltage is indicative of the outputcurrent.

The voltage across capacitor 32 is converted into a current by V/I 34,the output currents of converter 34 therefore being representative ofthe output current I_(L), and is therefore denoted as ≈I_(L) in FIG. 6.The difference between the voltage at the negative input of converter 34and reference voltage V_(REF) is converted into a current by converter36. To avoid instability when the duty cycle is below 50%, a rampedwaveform 46 is added to the output of converter 34, resulting in currentI_(REF).

When signal ≈I_(L) drops below I_(REF), the output current is below therequired output current to achieve the required output voltage, socomparator 34 and latch 48 cooperate to turn Sb on under thesecircumstances, under the condition that Reset Sb=0.

Sb is turned off in response to the Reset Sb signal, which becomesactive when Vsec becomes negative.

FIG. 8 shows further waveforms corresponding to (1) to (3) shown in FIG.7. In addition, the voltage V_(OUT) at output terminal 8 is shown aswaveform (4). The Figure illustrates the response of the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 6 to a transient waveform at the output 8 of thecircuit. In the example illustrated, the output voltage dropstemporarily, which may be caused for example by an increase in theoutput current.

When the output voltage is dropped, I_(REF) increases. This results inan increase in the on-time of Sb. As soon as the output voltage is atthe required level, the duty cycle of Sb is stabilised again. The timefor which the voltage across the secondary winding of the transformer,Vsec, is positive remains the same despite the transient output voltage,which therefore means that load regulation is achieved at the secondaryside. The regulation determines the moment Sb is switched on. As loadtransients only influence the duty cycle of the secondary side switches,the duty cycle of primary side switch S1 is unchanged. In this way, thevoltage across S1 is kept to a minimum, in contrast to prior circuitconfigurations, for example, as described in “Large Signal TransientAnalysis of Forward Converter with Active-Clamp Reset”, IEEETransactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2002.

To modify the prior circuit shown in FIG. 1 to add a second outputvoltage supply, it will be necessary to provide two further switchesarranged in the same manner as Sb and Sr in the additional circuit. Incontrast, in modifying the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3,in which switches Sr and Sb have their drains connected together, theadditional circuit may be provided using fewer switches than wouldotherwise be required. An embodiment of the circuit according to theinvention in which two voltage outputs are provided is shown in FIG. 9.

Switches Sr and Sb of the first circuit in FIG. 9 are denoted Sr1 andSb1. The second circuit includes a bi-directional switch Sb2. Instead ofincluding a further rectifying switch Sr2 in the second circuit, toprovide for current blocking in both directions, the drain of Sb2 isconnected to the drains of Sr1 and Sb2 in the first circuit. In thisway, the single rectifying switch Sr1 is shared between the first andsecond circuits. It will be appreciated that removal of the requirementfor a further switch leads to a cost saving.

Furthermore, as the drains of switches Sr1, Sb1 and Sb2 are allconnected together, they can be mounted on a common leadframe within asingle package (schematically indicated by enclosure 40), or evenintegrated in a single die, giving further cost reductions. This alsomeans that fewer packages need to be mounted on a heat sink in thefinished device, significantly reducing the amount of space required.

FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of a circuit according to theinvention with two voltage outputs. The circuit of FIG. 10 has similarelements to the circuit of FIG. 9, which are denoted with the samereference signs.

As shown in FIG. 10, the drains of the first and second active switchesSr1, Sb1 are connected on different ends of the secondary winding of thetransformer, with the bidirectional switch Sb1 “high side”, so that thepair of switches Sr1, Sb1 is able to block current in either directionbetween the transformer and the output filter (i.e. bidirectionalcurrent blocking).

As the skilled person will appreciate, this alternative arrangement ofconnecting the active switches Sr1, Sb1 may be used, instead of thearrangement of the switches Sr, Sb in the embodiment of FIG. 3, to forma circuit with a single output voltage in accordance with the invention.In such an arrangement, either the sources or the drains of the switchesSr, Sb may be connected to the different ends of the secondary winding,according to the desired implementation.

In addition, the embodiment of FIG. 10 has a second rectifier circuit,to provide a second output voltage, comprising a third active (currentcontrolling) switch Sb2, a freewheeling switch Sf2 and a second outputfilter formed from an inductor and a capacitor. The drain of the thirdactive switch Sb2 is coupled to the drain of the switch device Sb1, withboth the second and third switches Sb1, Sb2 coupled on the high side ofthe transformer. This arrangement avoids the need for a further activeswitch in the second circuit, since the switch Sr1 is shared between thefirst and second rectifier circuits to provide for bidirectional currentblocking.

To minimise the switching losses in primary side switch S1 duringoperation of the circuit shown in FIG. 3, S1 is turned on when thevoltage across it is zero. This is possible once the parasiticcapacitance of switch S1 has been discharged by the magnetising current.The system therefore has to wait a certain “deadtime” after switch S2has been turned off, before turning on switch S1. A drawback of thisdeadtime is that the time required to reset the transformer is reducedby the length of the deadtime. If the time taken to reset thetransformer is relatively long compared to this deadtime, the increaseof the reset voltage is minimal. However, at a low input voltages, thereset time is short and any reduction of this time results in asignificant increase in the reset voltage. This causes an increase inthe maximum voltage across S1 which is undesirable for the reasons givenabove.

FIG. 11 shows plots of the voltage across S1 against input voltage fordifferent deadtimes (Td). A deadtime of zero generates the plot shown bya dotted line, whilst a finite deadtime results in the plot marked by adashed line. It can be seen that in the latter case, the voltage acrossS1 increases significantly at low input voltages.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the deadtime is linearlyreduced below a given input voltage (say 250V), as illustrated in FIG.12. Above this voltage threshold, the deadtime is maintained at aconstant level. Variation of the deadtime down to zero in this mannerleads to variation of the voltage across the switch S1 with inputvoltage shown in FIG. 11 by a solid line. It can be seen that, relativeto the dashed line, the voltage across S1 at low input voltages issignificantly reduced.

In practice, it may be preferable not to decrease the deadtime to zerowith decreasing input voltage, but, for example, to a value such thatthe voltage of Vreset+Vin (which is the voltage across the primary mainswitch) at Vin=150V equals Vreset+Vin at Vin=400V. In this way thevoltage across the primary main switch is minimized but the deadtime isstill kept to a maximum value. (Vin_(minimum)=150V, Vin_(maximum)=400V).It is also true though that a higher drain voltage lower than thebreakdown voltage is allowed during a limited time to reach a certainlifetime requirement.

A typical application for the configurations of power converterdescribed above is in the power supply of a personal computer (“PC”).Such a power supply is described for example in the Applicant'sco-pending European Patent Application No. 03104073.6. There isincreasing demand for power supplies for PCs that can deliver morepower, but with greater efficiency and lower cost. Supplies embodyingthe present invention may be configured to address these issues.

From reading the present disclosure, other variations and modificationswill be apparent to persons skilled in the art. Such variations andmodifications may involve equivalent and other features which arealready known in the art, and which may be used instead of or inaddition to features already described herein.

Although Claims have been formulated in this Application to particularcombinations of features, it should be understood that the scope of thedisclosure of the present invention also includes any novel feature orany novel combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly orimplicitly or any generalisation thereof, whether or not it relates tothe same invention as presently claimed in any Claim and whether or notit mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as does thepresent invention.

Features which are described in the context of separate embodiments mayalso be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely,various features which are, for brevity, described in the context of asingle embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitablesubcombination. The Applicants hereby give notice that new Claims may beformulated to such features and/or combinations of such features duringthe prosecution of the present Application or of any further Applicationderived therefrom.

1. A switched mode power converter including: a transformer having aprimary winding and at least one secondary winding; a primary sideactive switch device coupled to the primary winding for selectivelyapplying an input voltage to the primary winding; and a first secondaryside rectifier circuit including a first output filter coupled to the atleast one secondary winding, and first and second active switch devicescoupled between the at least one secondary winding and the first outputfilter, the switch devices being arranged such that each one is operableto block current between the at least one secondary winding and thefirst output filter in an opposite direction to the other and switchableat different times to the other.
 2. A power converter of claim 1 whereineach of the first and second switch devices has a control terminal, andthe converter includes control means coupled to the control terminalsand operable to supply respective different control signals to thecontrol terminals to open and close said switch devices.
 3. A powerconverter of claim 1 wherein each of the first and second switch devicescomprises a FET having a source, drain and gate, with the respectivecontrol terminals coupled to the respective gates.
 4. A power converterof claim 3 wherein the drains of the first and second switch devices areconnected to respective first and second ends of the secondary winding.5. A power converter of claim 4 comprising a second secondary siderectifier circuit including: a second output filter; and a third activeswitch device comprising a FET having a source, drain and gate, itsdrain being coupled to the drain of the second switch device, and itssource being coupled to the second output filter.
 6. A power converterof claim 5 wherein the second and third switch devices are mounted on acommon leadframe.
 7. A power converter of claim 5 wherein the second andthird switch devices are integrated into a single die.
 8. A powerconverter of claim 3 wherein the drains of the first and second switchdevices are coupled together.
 9. A power converter of claim 8 whereinthe first and second switch devices are mounted on a common leadframe.10. A power converter of claim 8 wherein the first and second switchdevices are integrated into a single die.
 11. A power converter of anyof claim 8 comprising a second secondary side rectifier circuitincluding: a second output filter; and a third active switch devicecomprising a FET having a source, drain and gate, its drain beingcoupled to the drains of the first and second switch devices, and itssource being coupled to the second output filter.
 12. A power converterof claim 11 wherein at least two of the first, second and third switchdevices are mounted on a common leadframe.
 13. A power converter ofclaim 11 wherein at least two of the first, second and third switchdevices are integrated in a single die.
 14. A PC power supply includinga power converter of claim
 1. 15. A method of operating a switched modepower converter of claim 1 wherein the second switch device is arrangedso as to be operable to block current from flowing in the direction awayfrom the at least one secondary winding to the output filter, the methodincluding the step of switching the second switch device off when thevoltage across the at least one secondary winding is negative.
 16. Amethod of operating a switched mode power converter of claim 1 whereinthe first switch device is arranged so as to be operable to blockcurrent from flowing in the direction towards the at least one secondarywinding from the output filter, the method including the step ofswitching the first switch device off when the voltage across the atleast one secondary winding is substantially below a predeterminedpositive value or is substantially equal to zero.
 17. A method ofoperating a switched mode power converter of claim 1 wherein an activeclamp circuit is provided on the primary side, comprising a capacitivemeans and a fourth active switch device coupled together in series, andin parallel with the primary winding, the method including the step ofturning the primary side active switch device on a predetermined timeafter the fourth active switch is turned off, said predetermined timebeing dependent on the input voltage.